http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/qed/chap4_00.pdf No deaths from acute hepatitis were reported.
The age-specific incidence rate of the 77 cases of acute hepatitis A was
highest in the 25-34 year age group.
Among the three major ethnic groups, the ethnic-specific incidence rate
of Indians was 3.1 times that of Malays and 1.4 times that of Chinese
(Table 4.4).
There was no significant association between shellfish consumption and
hepatitis A. Of the 77 sporadic cases of hepatitis A, 51 (66.2%) gave
a history of ingesting raw and partially-cooked shellfish within 3 months
prior to onset of illness compared with 75 (64.1%) of 117 acute hepatitis
B cases (Table 4.5).
There was no significant difference in the incidence rate among the three
major ethnic groups (Chinese 2.2 per 100,000; Malay 2.7 per 100,000; and
Indian 2.4 per 100,000) (Table 4.4).
More than three-quarters (75.6%) acquired the infection prior to their
arrival in Singapore (Table 4.7).
hepatitis
http://www.avon.nhs.uk/phnet/HPU/hepatitis.pdf Hepatitis A is a virus infection of the liver.
The occurrence in the UK is low, but it is hard to say how many cases
there are, as many people with mild symptoms do not go to their GP.
Some people, especially children, will have no symptoms at all, but they
are still infectious and able to pass the virus to others.
Hepatitis A is transmitted by the faecal/oral route and occurs by close
person to person contact and when contaminated food or water is consumed.
The vaccine is widely used as a travel vaccination from your GP, if you
are visiting a high-risk country.
clinguidehepc
Clinical guidelines on the management of hepatitis C Compiled
on behalf of the Royal College of Physicians of London and the British
Society of Gastroenterology by J C L Booth, J O'Grady, J Neuberger Summary
of recommendations Patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) should
be referred to a clinician with a particular interest in the infection.
To clarify these, and to assess suitability for treatment, liver biopsy
is recommended for patients found to be viraemic, whether or not liver
function tests are abnormal.
2.1.1 Since the discovery of HCV and the development of diagnostic tests,
almost all of the non-A non-B (NANB) post transfusion hepatitis cases
have been shown to be due to HCV infection [1-7].
article
N, Wang C, et al. Antiviral activity, safety, and incidence
of resistance in chronically infected hepatitis B patients (CHB) given
once daily emtricitabine for 2 years.
Presented at the 53rd American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases,
Boston, November 1-5, 2002.
Chang TT, Hadziyannis S, Cianciara J, et al. Sustained viral load and
ALT reduction following 48 weeks of entecavir treatment in subjects with
chronic hepatitis B who have failed lamivudine.
Hoff-man-Terry M, Khalili M, Bernstein D, et al. Safety and efficacy of
40 Kda peginterferon alfa-2a (Pegasys) in the treatment of patients co-infected
with HIV and HCV: preliminary results from a randomized, multicenter trial.
pphcvex
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and
Epidemiology, Inc (APIC), is a multidisciplinary, voluntary, internation
al organization of professionals who practice infection control and the
application of epidemiology in all health settings.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the etiologic agent in most cases of parenterally
transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States, but it is also
a significant cause of spontaneous cases of viral hepatitis.
Health care workers account for 2% to 4% of acute cases of hepatitis C,
and most cases are thought to be a result of accidental needle sticks.
No measures are currently available to prevent infection with HCV after
an exposure.
02Perspectives-HIVHep
http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/Perspectives/vol1no1/02Perspectives-HIVHep.pdf summarizes research indicating what drug abuse treatment programs
can do to prevent their patients from acquiring HIV or hepatitis infection
and to limit the consequences for patients who are already infected.
As a result, the substance abuse research community has developed substantial
knowledge about how to prevent HIV infection and systems to facilitate
the management of those already infected.
· Hepatitis C antibody reactivity means that hepatitis C infection
is likely.
Referral for clinical evaluation is indicated to confirm active hepatitis
C infection by documenting detectable hepatitis C virus by a viral load
assay, to assess for liver disease with liver function tests, and possibly,
to conduct a liver biopsy to consider treatment of hepatitis C.
020927HepatitisC
Hepatitis C is one of the hepatitis viruses that infects the
liver.
It is considered to be the most common virus causing chronic hepatitis
(long-lasting inflammation of the liver) in Australia, and probably affects
about 1% of the community.
The symptoms vary from person to person and in many cases the infection
may not cause any symptoms.
The virus is spread by contact with infected blood which may involve only
a small amount.
Knowing the source of hepatitis C can help your doctor to work out how
long you may have been infected and how your liver is responding.
This patient handout may be photocopied or printed out by a doctor free
of charge for patient information purposes.
hiv_aids
http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety_information/by_topic/assets/pdf/hiv_aids.pdf 9 How could someone be exposed to infected blood and body fluids
at work?
After the virus enters the body, it infects the cells that the body needs
to fight infection and gradually destroys the body s immune system.
Handling and decontaminating needles and equipment properly, as well as
following basic standards of hygiene, will protect consumers and personal
service workers in these industries from exposure.
The virus must have the opportunity to enter the body for contact with
infected blood and certain body fluids to pose a risk of infection.
Gloves should be waterproof, disposable, of good quality, and suitable
for the task for example, medical gloves certified by the Canadian General
Standards Board (CGSB).
JanConf
Hepatitis C has been called the "silent epidemic"
because people can have the virus for years, even decades, without showing
any outward symptoms, and can unknowing pass the virus to others.
This conference is designed for prevention and care providers, nurses,
physicians, mid-level practioners, social workers, educators, teachers,
peer educators, young people, substance abuse prevention and treatment
counselors, and persons living with hepatitis C. Accredation:
CEUs are available for Physicians, nurses, Social Workers, and Substance
Abuse Counselors.
Iowa Board of Nursing Provider #22 has approved .27 CEUs for morning session,
.48 CEUs for afternoon session, and .75 CEU hours for full day session.
2_HEPB_faq
Why do infants need the hepatitis B vaccine?
The hepatitis B vaccine protects infants from developing a long-term viral
infection that can lead to liver cancer and other serious liver disorders
later in life.
An infant is much more likely than an adult to develop a long-term infection
after being exposed to the virus.
The vaccine was recommended in 1991 by the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention and the American Academy of Pediatrics for use with all
infants.
As part of a larger effort to reduce environmental exposure to mercury
and to make safe vaccines even safer, the U.S. Public Health Service and
the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended reducing or eliminating
the use of thimerosal-containing vaccines.
No, there is no scientific evidence that the hepatitis B vaccine causes
multiple sclerosis.
chapter-18-layout
Hepatitis B is transmitted parenterally and ually.
Transfusion-associated infection is now rare and adequate treatment of
blood products has eliminated these as sources of infection in this country.
The prevalence of infection is increased among those with certain behavioural
or occupational risk factors (see 18.4).
Adults 10 mcg (1.0ml) Hepatitis B vaccine is generally well tolerated
and the most common adverse reactions are soreness and redness at the
injection site.
Immunisation should be postponed in individuals suffering from severe
febrile illness.
Specific hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) is available for passive protection
and is normally used in combination with hepatitis B vaccine to confer
passive/active immunity after exposure.
Zali
Background: Hepatitis B is one of the most common viral infections
worldwide.
Mass vaccination against HBV has been implemented in Iran since 1993.Rates
of HbsAg carrier state in children with the age of 2-14 years before and
after performing mass vaccination program may shows indirect evidence
of effectiveness of this program in Iran,an underdeveloped country.
Conclusion: It appears that a reduction has occurerd in hepatitis B carrier
rate in a subgroup of young children in Iran after performing mass vaccination
program against hepatitis B.The decline appears to be more significant
in rural against urban areas despite lower socioeconomic status in rural
areas.This may be due to a better vaccination surrveillance and coverage
in rural areas as part of the ìHealth Housesîprogram in Iran.
