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The global software industry continues to evolve, and countries now looking to develop their software exports face a different global situation, and are likely to evolve fundamentally different software industries.http://www.aldo.com/Publications/Papers/National_SWI_Development_050303.pdf. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the various issues typically addressed by government planners in developing national software strategies and in deploying local software capabilities in support of national priorities. The absence of a manufacturing phase in software product development, which makes the software publishing industry especially fluid. Finally, we outline the main elements of a balanced national software strategy that would harness software technology to address both local development challenges and global market opportunities. How many of the best software people are needed to train the next generation, so as to increase the nation’s software capacity? Table 1 summarizes the successful national software industry strategies of the three countries that achieved billion-dollar software exports in the last decade. Balancing the development of the software industry to address the needs of potential local users as well as the opportunities for export is important to an effective national software industry strategy and to overall development. Without a software industry that is attuned to domestic users, neither software exports nor social benefits will develop optimally. The global shortage of software engineers and the fast growth of demand for software applications in advanced economies have attracted the attention of both software talent and policy makers in emerging economies. Moreover, ... This document has been written to identify and discuss issues of NEWFIRM software development, operation and maintenance, particularly after the NEWFIRM wide field-of-view, infrared imaging instrument with its accompanying software has been delivered to the observatories.http://www.noao.edu/ets/newfirm/SoftwareOp-MaintResponsibilities.pdf. Though NEWFIRM is still in the conceptual design phase, it has become apparent that software to be developed during the NEWFIRM effort will extend beyond that which simply controls the instrument and its data flow. There will be some development effort which will result in observatory-level software linking the NEWFIRM instrument to the observatory and telescope control system. This document is the first step toward identifying issues associated with the development of, installation of and operation and maintenance of the NEWFIRM software at the observatory level. Software development for astronomical instruments in general must consider various levels of development and operation. software. As the software requirements for the NEWFIRM instrument are being developed, it has become apparent that interfaces, particularly software interfaces, to the Mayall and Blanco telescopes and observatories are not well defined. This emphasizes the partition between the software that is necessary only for controlling and reporting on the NEWFIRM instrument and the software that is necessary for the NEWFIRM instrument to interface with and to “control” appropriately certain observatory functions to meet the NEWFIRM science observation To date, they have considered about ten existing software packages, and Phil has narrowed the possible candidates down to ... Unlike many computer scientists, he is receptive to ideas painted on a broader canvas than that of a mathematical formalism.http://www.ferg.org/papers/jackson--software_development_method.pdf. Social scientists and experts in human relations examine the interactions among developers and between the development group and its customers. Many say that programs are mathematical objects whose creation and study is a legitimate branch some would say, the most challenging branch of mathematics. But when all the experts have claimed the substance of their different disciplines, is there any particular substance left that belongs peculiarly to software development? The task of the developer is to create transparently clear descriptions of complex systems in which many domains meet and interact computing machinery and many other things too. But most will require a transparent clarity of description, and a separation of concerns by which clarity may be attained. Our products will usually be far more complex than a motor car or a washing machine, but must always be just as tangible. It does not only compute about our description; it does not only translate it or analyse it. It actually adopts the properties and behaviour of the machine we have described, and itself becomes that machine. We can specialise the behaviour of the general-purpose machine, and we can understand its specialised behaviour in terms of our own choosing. But we can not enlarge its behaviour – we can neither extend its state space nor add to its alphabet of events. We can only reduce it to meet our special needs, and we must take care to understand the extent of that reduction. In a data processing or administrative ... However, recent advances in hardware technology use multi-core architectures that cannot be leveraged by most existing enterprise software applications as they are not multi-threaded.. This white paper explains how Software Pipelines can deliver a sensible and practical approach to concurrent processing that enables demanding business applications to be scaled to meet growing needs without giving up the flexibility and agility that is so important in today’s business environment. In today’s information-based economy, application software performance can literally mean the difference between success and failure of the business. In the past, application developers have been able to rely on rapid advances in CPU performance to compensate for the lack of software efficiency in their business applications. However, for software applications to truly take advantage of multi-core platforms, they must be designed and implemented with a new approach that emphasizes concurrent processing. This new approach is a methodology called Software Pipelines and it can enable businesses to achieve the benefits of concurrent processing without a major redevelopment effort. In addition, resource contention (such as shared software components) can be very difficult to debug in this type of black-box approach. Software Pipelines offer a new concurrent processing methodology that provides a simple way for business applications to implement concurrency while maintaining order of execution priorities and simplicity of application development. Software Pipelines represent an architectural approach that supports virtually unlimited ... As users and resellers of accounting and other software programs, most of us do not usually think about the ins and outs associated with the process of actually developing the software.http://www.sfworks.net/4pg-marapr2002.pdf. As CPAs and accounting professionals, our clients and customers rely on us for our expert opinions and business savvy, and now that so many professionals consult in the technology arena, having a grasp on software development is more important than ever. Many software development organiza-tions face the statistics noted in the beginning of the article because their people are not yet adequately trained on the proper system development process. Fast forward almost a century, and we’re into mass production of software. While the concept sounds good, there are some barriers to instituting factory principles to software manufactur-ing, the most challenging one being the “craftsman” mentality. For now, let’s look at what it takes to have a reliable factory process and see how the principles apply to software manufacturing. The big difference between the manufacturing process and current software development is that these issues are identified up-front, and costing and scheduling estimates are adjusted accordingly. Consideration is given to both component tools available as well and the software manufacturing software (equipment). Software manufacturing is not significantly different from any other sort of manufacturing, and many of the ideas for manu-facturing software have their roots in object orientation. There were no effective manufacturing tools or software to automate the software production process. Invest in Training — the single biggest ... Estimating software projects where significant amounts of new technology are being used is a difficult and very risky undertaking.http://www.qsm.com/estimating_putnam.pdf. In this article we will discuss how to use a macro-estimation technique (SLIM estimation method) to create reasonable estimates that adequately reflect risks and uncertainties. In the midst of all this change, development managers, product planners and purchasers need to be able to estimate cost, schedules, resources and product quality with investment quality precision. This is a difficult task but certainly not impossible. Adapting software project estimation to the reality of changing development technologies 1 In the construction industry size is typically measured in square footage of the structure. In software there are a number of different ways that the size can be measured. Development Efficiency: There are a significant number of factors that affect efficiency of a software development environment. Adapting software project estimation to the reality of changing development technologies 2 First of all, recent historic data provides a profile of where an organization has been. Adapting software project estimation to the reality of changing development technologies 3 How many pieces (subsystems - modules) are there likely to be in the system? Overall size estimate Adapting software project estimation to the reality of changing development technologies 7 Productivity Assumptions: In an ideal case one would like to have some basic historic data on size, time and effort from some completed projects. Adapting software project estimation to the reality of changing development ... We computer software developers spend most of our time working out the technical options, developing and/or implementing the technology, making sure we get the bugs out, etc.http://www.techsol.org/mw042000.pdf. Welcome to the most overlooked area of software development – requirements. I mean in a world of complex technology and incredible software developers, who would think that something as fundamental to the success of a project such as understanding the basic needs of a project, would force the failure of software development projects. The graph below shows you where most problems in software development originate. As you can see, its incomplete or erroneous requirements and deviation from requirements, that make up for the vast majority of problems in software development. And because its often not until the very end of a software project that you realize the problems relating to misunderstanding the requirement in the first place, that you find that it’s the most expensive problem to rectify. You would think that with a growing and maturing industry such as software development, these problems would be a thing of the past. Software developers like to program. But as a software developer can write software for one industry one day, and then develop for a totally different industry the next day, they are likely to be more interested in what carries over from one project to another – the skill of writing the software itself. They want to get back to the keyboards and write software. The problem with this is that the client doesn’t understand the level of detail that is needed for a software developer to write a program to solve their requirements. ... The requirement document is a critical product of the early stages in any software development project.http://www.techsol.org/std032000.pdf. It represents the first major deliverable in a project and is a document shared equally between the business clients requesting functionality to be delivered, and the IT software development staff tasked with the delivery of a system. In commercial software development, it often forms part of the legal contract between the client and the software development organization. Throughout a software development project, the Requirement document will be the focus of quality for the system. Should the system not meet the documented requirements, then it is typically the responsibility of the software development organization to correct this, however this should be captured as a high level test conducted by the internal QA staff before being delivered to the client. The reasons for these rules are clear when one identifies the role of the Requirement document and its importance throughout the entire software development lifecycle. Consider the role of the Requirement document in the following phases of a software development project: b. System design phase The requirement document will define options for technology and the software development organization will use it as the basis for a technical direction, the technical architecture, the plans & models for development and possibly the resource utilization based on skillset. The Requirement document will help create empathy between the software developers and the client and explain what is being built and why it is being built. Typically a systems analyst who works for the ... Abstraction: consolidate activities or statement sequences that are performed in several places into a function that can be called at each of them.http://www.literateprogramming.com/kelseylick.pdf. Students tend to spend an even higher percentage than the professionals, so it is important that you learn to test and debug efficiently. These bugs are present before the first line of the program has been entered into the editor. Because of the compounding effects of bugs, finding and eradicating a bug when other bugs are present is on the average much more difficult than finding and eradicating a single bug. Always compile with all warnings turned on, and always step through each function with the debugger as soon as you have written it. You may think that software testing is only performed in the latter stages of a project, after or in parallel with implementation. The testing (or verification as it is more formally known) of software is an activity that exists throughout the development process – it is intricately interwoven with analysis and design as well as implementation. It may interest you to know that the value a software engineer possesses in industry increases with his/her ability to work at more abstract levels. The ability to take a set of requirements and develop a clear and extendible strategy for realizing those requirements is a skill that all successful software engineers possess. This document presents a number of useful heuristics (or rules of thumb) that you may find helpful when faced with a software design problem. This so called "top-down vs. bottom up" debate has raged for quite a while; you can find successful software engineers and ... All large software development projects, irrespective of application, generate a large amount of associated documentation.http://www.literateprogramming.com/documentation.pdf. Therefore, managers and software engineers should pay as much attention to documentation and its associated costs as to the development of the software itself. The documents associated with a software project and the system being developed have a number of associated requirements: 1. Software engineers are usually responsible for producing most of this documentation although professional technical writers may assist with the final polishing of externally released information. My goals here are to describe the documentation which may be produced during the software process, to give some hints on ways of writing effective documents and to describe processes involved in producing these documents. For large software projects, it is usually the case that documentation starts being generated well before the development process begins. Because software is intangible and the software process involves apparently similar cognitive tasks rather than obviously different physical tasks, the only way this visibility can be achieved is through the use of process documentation. However, there are some process documents that can be useful as the software evolves in response to new requirements. Product documentation includes user documentation which tells users how to use the software product and system documentation which is principally intended for maintenance engineers. For smaller systems and systems that are developed as software products, system documentation is usually less ... The software development paradigm propounded by Semantic Designs, Inc.http://www.nitrd.gov/subcommittee/sdp/vanderbilt/position_papers/ira_baxter_breaking_the_software_development.pdf. envisions a design-centric perspective rather than today’s all too prevalent code-centric viewpoint. We claim the Design Maintenance vision and DMS together provide a solid foundation for building a formal, repeatable software engineering discipline and practice. In a DMS-based environment, hard won software engineering synthesis knowledge is made reusable through the incremental accretion of an ever-increasing repository of domain-specific transformations and domain-specific languages. Thus, software engineers reusing such knowledge become more effective in that the artifacts are produced using tested language definitions and transformations. Moreover the leverage afforded by DMS in the identification and disposition of design changes on industrial scale designs promise to yield a 50% reduction in change cycle time while eliminating the software error re-injection rate—“collateral damage” or unintentional consequences of change installation. Some of these barriers include: scalable design capture capabilities; semantic reasoning across DSL boundaries; specification of and reasoning about performance-related aspects for a software artifact. Traditional software construction methods suffer from high development and maintenance costs as well as long delays. The fundamental cause of these problems is the loss of mechanically-processable design information about the software, from its specifications, to its architecture, algorithms and implementation, especially including rationale as to why the software is structured/implemented the way it is. Without ... The ControlNet network combines the functionality of an I/O network and a peer-to-peer network while providing high-speed performance for both.http://www.software.rockwell.com/download/corporate/swc/swc98_2/pg22.pdf. Rockwell Automation provides tools and toolkits to help streamline your design of new control system products that connect to a ControlNet network. These reduce the technical risk of development, and decrease your time-to-market. This decouples code development from hardware development, and provides an easy way to debug code and monitor software events such as heap status and error logs during initial testing. Example Software This software is integrated with the host system software that runs the product application code. The software, together with the Adapter Class firmware for CNA10 ASIC, provides support for scheduled, real-time, cyclic I/O data as well as unscheduled messaging and programming data. ControlNet Adapter Class Example software release 1.3w-2 is currently available on 3.5-inch disk under catalog number 9220-CNA30S. software lets you add I/O scanner functionality to your designs. The example software, together with the Scanner Class firmware for the CNA10 ASIC, provides the same baseline functionality as the CNA30S Adapter Example code. The software also lets you initiate communication in the scheduled bandwidth, a necessary function of real-time I/O scanners. ControlNet Scanner Class Example software release 1.0 is currently available on 3.5-inch disk under catalog number 9220-CNA40S. RSLinx C SDK™ supports different hardware interface cards and standardizes client software application access to those cards through standard drivers. Rockwell Software's ... Agile software development methodologies provide many benefits including reduced time to market, lower defect rates, and more accurate requirements tracking.http://www.sds-consulting.com/AgileSoftwareBottomLine.pdf. This paper describes Strategic Data Systems’ experience with agile software development, and demonstrates the financial benefits of following an agile process. Project managers for software development projects have attempted to manage the people, time, money, and other resources in a similar way. For most software development projects we know two things: there is a deadline and things will change. A common approach used by software development project managers is to create a project plan in Microsoft Project. Finally, in a Value Neutral approach software engineers are confined to turning requirements into code, with little interaction with customers. A key aspect of ensuring the success of Value Based projects is that software engineers regularly communicate with stakeholders. The most basic of the Value Neutral software development methodologies is the ad hoc method (see Figure 2). This Value Neutral methodology has existed since the earliest days of software development and is the method generally encouraged in undergraduate schools across the country. Management often encourages ad hoc software development in an attempt to get products finished quickly. This methodology was introduced to curb the problems of the ad hoc method and has become the basis of most software development models adopted in the industry 2 As another Value Neutral methodology, traditional waterfall provides a highly disciplined approach to developing software through a series ... The Software Development course is a one-year program where the students learn how to build computer programs.http://www.columbus.k12.oh.us/north_east_cc/pdf/ITsoftware.pdf. Computer programs are the lists of instructions that control the computer. Starting simple at first, students build small, 10-line programs working their way to complex, multiple-file, multiple-language software systems that would contain 1,000 or more lines of code. Students will build programs that would run as a web page on the Internet. Students will learn to apply the following tools to their work: Notepad, Paint, Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator Students will become familiar with and understand the SDLC (software development life cycle). Students will be able to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages between different browsers. Students will be able to convert binary, hexadecimal and decimal numbers from one form to another form. Students will understand how to create simple graphics images and backgrounds. Additionally, they will understand the advantages and disadvantages of GIF, JPG and BMP images. Through interaction with clients, students will understand the application of good design principles to produce aesthetically pleasing web pages. Course Requirements This course is designed as a complement for students who have completed IT Systems Technology, IT Networking, A+ Certification, or Electronics. Students may enter directly into the program provided they have a strong computer background. This is an accelerated curriculum designed to challenge students interested in a career in computer programming. Course Credits 3.5 credits; 1 technology credit. The Columbus City School District ... And are these differences of any importance to us when we develop software? (And, with all these questions, am I in danger of turning into a character from a well know HBO series set in New York?) Similar things happen to software project when a new team takes over an old project.. Where is knowledge in software development? The whole software development process is an attempt to codify knowledge. As software developers our skills and knowledge reside in our own domain, our own field of “ba”. Software needs to exist simultaneously in these two environments. Customers only see the tip of the software, needs to fit with their way of working Developers focus on the unseen elements, but need to consider how the customers see the software Figure 1 - Software is like an iceberg As if this weren’t enough, much knowledge is actually tacit. If we embed values and judgements into our software which are different to the ones in common use our customers will find the system counter-intuitive and difficult to use. Of course, often the whole point of introducing software is to disrupt current practices so they can be changed. SAS is the worlds biggest privately owned software company - proof, if it was needed, that these concepts are applicable to software development. No serious software developer really believes this myth but people still contract to develop software on the basis that the specification contains everything we need to know. If we want to produce good software, (c) Allan Kelly Page 4 of 5 Ruminations on Knowledge in Software Development 1-May-03 and help our employers succeed, we need to look beyond the immediate ... | |
