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This statement summarizes the U.http://www.aafp.org/afp/20031215/usx.pdf.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease and the supporting scientific evidence. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against the use of supplements of vitamins A, C, or E; multivitamins with folic acid; or antioxidant combinations for the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease. The USPSTF found poor evidence to determine whether supplementation with these vitamins reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. With the exception of vitamins for which there is compelling evidence of net harm (eg, beta-carotene supplementation in smokers), there is little reason to discourage people from taking vitamin supplements. The value of vitamins naturally occurring in food, the use of vitamin supplements for the prevention of other conditions (eg, neural tube defects), and the use of vitamin supplements for the secondary prevention of complications in patients with existing disease were outside the scope of these reviews. attributable to vitamin A or to other characteristics of women who take vitamin A supplements. Observational studies have generally shown no significant associations between use of vitamin C supplements and the risk for cancers of the breast, prostate, colon, or lung.12-14 The observational cohort studies examining the effects of vitamin C on cardiovascular disease have produced inconsistent results.12,15,16 Observational studies have shown no significant association between vitamin E ... B Vitamins Do Not Reduce Heart Attack Risk Vitamin B pills and folic acid were found to have no positive influence on the risk of heart attack or stroke; on the contrary, high doses or combinations of B vitamins can be harmful.http://www.heartzine.com/165.pdf. Previous studies had demonstrated that B vita-mins lower homocysteine levels in the blood; homo-cysteine is suspected to have a role in the develop-ment of cardiovascular disease, since high levels of it are present in people with heart problems. The current study, presented at a meeting of the Euro-pean Society of Cardiology, shows that, although B vitamin supplements significantly lowered homocys-teine levels, they did not lower cardiovascular risks. ”The homocysteine hypothesis is dead”, says Dr. Kaare Harald Bonaa, professor of cardiology at the University of Tromso in Norway and lead author of the study. The 3-year research was the first large study of the matter and included 4,749 patients, di-vided into four groups: apart from standard heart medication, one group took high-dose vitamin B pills every day, for the entire period, the second group took folic acid, the third group took both, and the last one took fake pills. Theresultsofthetrialareimportantbecausethey tell doctors that prescribing high doses of B vi-tamins will not prevent heart disease or stroke. B vitamins should be prescribed only to patients who have B vitamin deficiency Dr. Kaare Har-ald Bonaa Heart attack and stroke risk was the same in the groups taking fake pills, vitamin B pills and folic acid; the group who took both pills had a 20% in-creaseintheheartattackandstrokerisk.Otherfind-ings include that people who fared worst ... Vitamins are organic substances that are indispensable to the normal metabolic processes of animal organisms.http://www.awt-feedadditives.de/fileadmin/awt/pdf/VitaminsinAnimalNutrition.pdf. Vitamins can also be ingested as pro-vitamins, which are converted into the corresponding vitamins by the ani - mal organism. Every single vitamin fulfils specific tasks that cannot be accomplished in the same way by any other vitamin. More than 80 years ago, the function of vitamins was revealed in feeding expe - riments. Most domestic animals are not capable of synthesising vitamins at all or cannot produce sufficient quantities for their own requirement. In the body, the fat-soluble vitamins are found in relationship with fats and are absorbed together with them. There is a metabolic correlation between unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. The availability of unsaturated fatty acids in the feed must be considered when the amount of supplemental vitamin E is de-termined. Some traditional applications are e.g. ß-carotene and fertility in cattle, biotin and hoof health in cattle, vitamin E and mastitis in dairy cows or vitamin E and improved resistance to disease. Recommendations are based on follo-wing factors: vitamin E supplements are indicated as vitamin E acetate, vitamin B 1 as vitamin B 1 mononitrate or vitamin B 1 hydrochloride, and vitamin B 6 as hydro-chloride. A very high vitamin A level in the feed reduces the vitamin E content of plasma and li - ver. Commer - cial vitamin B 2 is normally produced by fermentation and offered as a product with a vitamin B 2 content of 80%. Vitamin B1 hydrochloride has a higher solubility in water than vitamin B 1 mo-nonitrate. The active substance of vitamin B 12 is ... However, recent evidence shows that the use of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy can dra-matically reduce the incidence of neural-tube defects; thus, at least in some circumstances, vitamin intake can be suboptimal without there being any clinical evidence of deficiency.http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/nutritionGeneral/WillettVitamins.pdf. Public interest in vitamin sup-plements is enormous, with 30 percent of the pop-ulation of the United States currently using such supplements.1 Political pressures have led to a highly unregulated industry with limited control by the Food and Drug Administration over marketing and quality. Ideally, vitamin supplements would be evaluated in randomized prevention trials with measurable clin-ical end points. First, every-one has some level of consumption of vitamins, so the effect of a supplement depends on the amount of a given vitamin that is already being consumed. Because trial participants often have good diets, the results of a study finding no effect of a vitamin sup- consequences of marginal vitamin B12 status remain unclear, but they may include increased risks of vas-cular disease17 and cancer.18 Crystalline vitamin B12, the form that is used in supplements, does not require gastric acid for absorption, so a multivitamin can en-sure that intake is adequate for most people. However, reasonable evidence suggests that many Americans would benefit from supplemen-tal vitamin D to reach the RDA of 400 IU, and dou-ble this amount may be desirable for some persons.23 A vitamin D intake of up to 2000 IU per day is be-lieved to be safe. levels of vitamin A have generally been shown to be unrelated to the risk of cancer.24 Supplemental ... While the types of vitamin used in topical skin care have remained largely unchanged, advances in delivery systems have made these applications far more effi cient.http://www.natures-glory.com/revenirbeauty/Pdf/WearingVitamins.pdf. The delivery system must protect the vitamins from environmental factors, such as heat, light, and air, which can render them ineffective, and help the relatively larger vitamin molecules penetrate into the living layers of the skin. “By nature, vitamin C is very volatile and tends to be unstable in formulations,” notes Ilse Chamberlain, vice-president Babor Cosmetics, Palm Beach, Florida. “That’s why a lot of vitamin C products on the market change color a few days after you open them. That’s one sign that the vitamin has been destroyed. It’s important to know that even though you may have a very high percentage of vitamin in a product, most of the vitamin will be destroyed during application because of oxidation. To keep vitamin C stable, you have to create an ideal support environment and delivery system that will allow it to remain active while effectively penetrating into the skin.” Over the past 8-10 years, vitamin C has been rendered more stable. Companies like 10% ascorbic acid and 7% tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate Babor are using silicones, liposomes, and in anhydrous polysilicone gel, concluded that topical nanosomes to protect the vitamins and vitamin C offered signifi cant benefi ts. Punch biopsy help them penetrate the stratum corneum. Raya Cosmetics, for instance, uses liposome encapsulation system of retinal (vitamin A), vitamin C, amino acids and beta glucans, a yeast cell derivative that increases moisture, diminishes ... Dried ruminal contents from steers fed high concentrate diets were fed to chicks to check adequacy of thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B-12.http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/research/1996rr/34.pdf. Growth and survival were monitored for chicks fed diets supplemented with 25% dried ruminal contents which without this addition presumably were deficient in either 1) thiamin, 2) pantothenic acid, or 3) vitamin B-12. Results indicate that amounts of available thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B-12 in dried ruminal contents were adequate for rapidly growing chicks and thereby, presumably, for ruminants fed concentrate diets. (Key Words: B-vitamins, Rumen fluid, Thiamin, Pantothenic acid, B-12.) Introduction Dietary supplementation of B-vitamins typically has failed to improve performance of ruminants. Consequently, nutritionists have concluded that extensive production of B-vitamins by microbes in the rumen exceeds ruminant requirements. Consequently, the factors affecting ruminal synthesis of the B-vitamins has not been well characterized. Extent of ruminal escape and synthesis vary among the vitamins (Zinn et al., 1987). Further, the availability of B-vitamins in rumen contents has not been investigated, particularly for cattle fed high-concentrate diets. In a previous study at Oklahoma State University (Dubeski et al., 1991), chicks were fed wet ruminal contents to check B-vitamin adequacy. Four semipurified diets were formulated from corn starch, vitamin-free casein, minerals, vitamins, and provided all B-vitamins except thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 by Harlan Teklad, Inc., Madison, WI. Thiamin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B12 were added to ... (USPSTF) concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against the use of supplements of vitamins A, C, or E; multivitamins with folic acid; or antioxidant combinations for the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease.http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/vitamins/vitaminswh.pdf. This recommendation applies only to the use of vitamin supplements by healthy adults to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease. The Task Force did not review evidence for vitamin supplementation in patients with known or potential nutritional deficiencies—including pregnant and lactating women, children, the elderly, and people with chronic disease—or special populations of patients, such as those taking medicines that require There is inadequate evidence that vitamins, when taken to supplement a healthy diet, can prevent heart disease or cancer. A few observational studies suggest a possible benefit of some vitamin supplementation on both heart disease and cancer, but the results from other studies show no benefit. Even for the observational studies that show some benefit, the Task Force could not be certain whether the benefit could be attributed to vitamin supplementation or to other factors. There is inadequate evidence that vitamin supplementation prevents heart disease or cancer. With the exception of vitamin supplements that can cause harm, there is little reason to discourage people who wish to take vitamins from doing so. Taking vitamin supplements does not More detailed information on this subject is available in the following evidence summaries: Routine Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease; Routine Vitamin Supplementation ... 802-885-6303 Pregnant women need more of almost every vitamin and mineral than women who are not pregnant.http://www.birtharts.com/vitaminhandout.pdf. Most of these increased nutrient requirements can be met through a carefully planned, nutritious diet. But often most women can’t eat enough foods high in iron and folic acid to meet current recommendations. The following are a list of Vitamins and Minerals and the role they play in pregnancy. Critical vitamins and minerals include folic acid, iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin D and calcium. Large amounts of Vitamin A can be dangerous; pregnant women should avoid taking more than the Daily Value (5,000 international units) of Vitamin A. Folic acid- This B vitamin is particularly important before conception and during the first trimester. It may reduce the risk of neural tube defects, including spina bifida, anencephaly and encephalocele. Iron - This mineral is vital during pregnancy, because it develops red blood cells needed to deliver oxygen to your baby. The amount of iron needed during pregnancy is two times the amount recommended for non-pregnant women. Vitamin A- This vitamin promotes healthy skin, cell growth and resistance to infection. Vitamin A is central to healthy embryonic development, cellular and tissue growth, the healthy development of eyes, hearts, ears, skin and mucous membranes. Vitamin C- This vitamin is essential for healthy gums, teeth and bones. Vitamin D- This vitamin helps build your baby’s bones and also regulates calcium absorption. On the other hand, vitamins cartels were typical in several ways.. The percentage increases in bulk vitamin prices wrought by the cartels averaged about 44%, which is about average for successful international cartels since 1990. Also, the vitamins cartels were typical in their geographic spread: affected sales and overcharges were distributed roughly equally in three regions, North America, Western Europe, and the rest of the world. There is little question that the convicted members of the vitamins cartels were in absolute monetary terms the most heavily sanctioned defendants in the history of antitrust law. While its shares of most vitamins markets slid somewhat, Roche retained its premier position throughout the 1990s, with an average 50% global share of its product lines. Moreover, the manufacturing techniques used to make one vitamin will not work to make another. Thus, differences in demand and supply characteristics assure that each of the 16 vitamins falls into its own separate market. Moreover, there is a sharp distinction between bulk vitamins destined for consumption by humans and those made for animal-feed market. Table 2 shows the best available data on the global production shares of the 21 corporate members of the vitamins cartels. Although there are multiple quality grades and strength levels available for most bulk vitamins, it is clear that for a given grade of bulk vitamin there is little or no differentiation across producers. It is ironic that ADM received such large settlements from the vitamins cartels that it was required to report the amounts because they had a material effect on profits in some ... Health Tipfsor seniors Vitamins for your needs from fruits & vegetables Vitamin D (Recommendation: >10 g/day) Dried Shitake Mushrooms (41.http://www.erie.gov/depts/seniorservices/pdfs/nutrition_vitamins.pdf.5 g / 100g) Vitamin A (Recommendation: 700 — 900 g / day) Mango (806 g) Cantaloupe (1 cup = 516 g) Sweet potato (2,488 g) Carrot (2,025 g) Butternut winter squash (1/2 cup = 714 g) Kale (1/2 cup = 481 g) Vitamin E (Recommendation: 15 mg / day) Mango (2.32 mg) Sweet potato (5.93 mg) Californian avocado (2.32 mg) 4 spears (1.15 mg) Folate or Folic Acid (Recommendation 400 g / day) Lentils (1 cup = 358 g) Black-eye peas (1 cup= 356 g) Pinto beans (1 cup = 294 g) Chickpeas (1 cup = 282 g) Key (units of weight) mg = milligrams Black beans (1 cup = 256 g) mg = micrograms Kidney beans (1 cup = 229 g) For more information visit www.eatright.org Erie County Department of Senior Services (716) 858-8526 www.erie.gov/depts/seniorservices/ Prepared by: Antonio S. Santo, Ph.D. WASHINGTON, D.http://www.crnusa.org/prpdfs/PR060312_CRN_ACCVitaminB.pdf.C., March 12, 2006 – Findings from two new studies (HOPE-2 and NORVIT) on vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate supported the conclusions of a vast body of scientific research which shows that these vitamins help lower homocysteine levels, but failed to support the hypothesis that lowering homocysteine levels in persons who already have cardiovascular disease (CVD) will provide protection The studies are being presented at the American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session which begins on March 11 in Atlanta, Ga., and will be published in the April 13 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. According to Annette Dickinson, Ph.D., consultant and past president of the Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN), “While these studies contribute importantly to the research base, they have limited application for the general population. These studies did not test whether B vitamins used by healthy people can help keep them healthy. Instead, they looked at whether B vitamins can treat or reverse heart disease in people who already have it. Vitamins should not be expected to perform like drugs—their greatest promise is in prevention.” CRN pointed out that it is unrealistic to expect a vitamin to undo damage caused by heart disease and that consumers should not be looking for B-vitamins to treat disease. Both these studies involved seriously ill subjects. But what has to be considered, according to Dr. Dickinson, is whether the population studied would have been healthier to begin with if they had been taking B-vitamins and others consistently over time. “That’s the question we’d like to see ... This statement summarizes the U.http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/vitamins/vitaminsrr.pdf.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease and the supporting scientific evidence. (USPSTF) concludes that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against the use of supplements of vitamins A, C, or E; multivitamins with folic acid; or antioxidant combinations for the prevention of cancer or cardiovascular disease. The USPSTF found poor evidence to determine whether supplementation with these vitamins reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. •With the exception of vitamins for which there is compelling evidence of net harm (eg, beta-carotene supplementation in smokers), there is little reason to discourage people from taking vitamin supplements. The value of vitamins naturally occurring in food, the use of vitamin supplements for the prevention of other conditions (eg, neural tube defects), and the use of vitamin supplements for the secondary prevention of complications in patients with existing disease were outside the scope of these reviews. cancer risk is attributable to vitamin A or to other Vitamin Supplementation: USPSTF Recommendations Observational studies have generally shown no significant associations between use of vitamin C supplements and the risk for cancers of the breast, prostate, colon, or lung.12–14 The observational cohort studies examining the effects of vitamin C on cardiovascular disease have produced inconsistent results.12,15,16 Observational studies have shown no significant association between vitamin E supplement use and the ... ow many times has a customer asked you, “Do I really need to take vitamins? If you’d like to provide such customers with an intelligent, convincing answer, you need to consider two key issues: The adequacy of vitamins and minerals in our food supply and the dietary habits and nutrient intakes of Americans.http://www.hchs.edu/files/ReallyNeedVitamins.pdf. Vitamins and Minerals The vitamin B12 levels in foods decreased about 5 percent, magnesium decreased about 3 percent, zinc decreased about 3 percent, and potassium decreased about 7 percent.1 Of course on the face of it, a 3 percent to 7 percent decrease of key nutrients have shown growing conditions can affect the calcium level of some crops by as much as 300 percent.3 Likewise, certain agriculture technologies decreased vitamin C and E levels in some crops by 2 percent and 13 percent, respectively;4 the content of seven minerals decreased in those same crops. Agriculture (USDA), the selenium content of fruits and vegetables is normally very low.6 In addition to the aforementioned issues, research has also shown food preparation may decrease the activity of some vitamins. Keeping food hot for more than two hours, for example, results in more than 10 percent losses of vitamin C, folate and vitamin B6.7 Vitamins are also lost during chilling, storage and reheating, including more than 30 percent of vitamin C and folate.8 For example, only 17 percent of people consume the recommended number of servings of fruit per day.9 Of course with such a poor dietary report card, it shouldn’t be a surprise that USDA’s Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) revealed adult females failed to ... Meat such as beef is an important dietary source of the water-soluble B-complex vitamins.http://www.beef.org/uDocs/ACF3D4.pdf. B-vitamins are found in a wide variety of foods. Meat, poultry and fish (MPF), and meat in particular, is a major dietary source of several of these vitamins - thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 (Table 1). The actual amounts of the B-vitamins present in any particular cut of meat can depend on factors such as the species, age and degree of fatness. Although some small losses of other vitamins can occur due to cooking, most B-vitamins are rela-tively stable to cooking and processing methods (3, Table 2). Functions of B-Vitamins In general, B-vitamins aid in the utilization of en-ergy and help regulate many of the chemical reactions necessary to promote growth and maintain health (4). Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine and related compounds) This vitamin helps to convert tryp-tophan to niacin. Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), found only in animal This vitamin also assists in the maintenance of nerve tissues and normal blood formation. Neuro-logical disorders are reported in individuals deficient in vitamin B-12. Deficiencies of B-vitamins such as folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and riboflavin may increase blood levels of homocysteine (6). Table 3 presents RDAs for individual B-vitamins and percentages provided by a 3-oz serving of beef (1,3). Meat such as beef is an important dietary source of B-vitamins.
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